Judicial restraint and judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Judicial restraint and judicial activism - Essay Example On the other hand, the doctrine of judicial restraint holds the assumption that the courts are supposed to submit to the decisions made by the executive and legislative branches. This is because the people elect the president and the members of the Congress and the federal judiciary members are not. The courts are also supposed to submit to the agency decisions and rules. In other words, under this doctrine, the courts are not supposed to hinder the implementation of agency rules and legislative acts unless they are precisely unconstitutional. For instance, many states before the case of Roe v. Wade held that abortion was illegal, regulated sodomy, made homosexual sodomy and adultery a crime (Bardes, Schmidt, and Shelley 459). Judicial activism approach is appropriate because the courts are able to act in an independent manner. In other words, the courts can make their decisions without the influence of the executive and the legislature. These two branches of the government (executive and legislature) at times make decisions that only serve their interests and not that of the people (Bardes, Schmidt, and Shelley 459). For instance, the in Griswold v. CT case of 1965, the court suggested that the rights to privacy existed and thus, the case overturned the Connecticut law that regulated birth

The Hunger Games Movie Essay Example for Free

The Hunger Games Movie Essay The Hunger Games book and movie are great. Well, if you have seen them you clearly see that the movie and the book’s plots are relatively similar, but there are a few differences between the movie and the book. Although they bear some seeming variances, the similarities between the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games movie are pronounced. To begin, the Hunger Games movie is a very interesting movie that is modified in order to clarify several concepts that cannot be presented as they were written by Suzanne Collins. To interpret this idea, the Hunger Games movie was altered so the viewers could understand many ideas that Suzanne Collins wrote, but could not be incorporated into the movie in the same way. For example, the idea that the items and the obstacles in the arena were created and controlled by the Gamemakers is depicted in the movie when the Gamemakers create graphics of mutations and then drag them to where they want to place them. Once they are released, the mutations come to life in the arena. On the contrary, the Hunger Games book contains the original content and ideas; however, the Hunger Games movie contains slightly different content and does not represent the same intentions. In other words, the Hunger Games book had no modifications made to it because it has the original material. To illustrate this point, in the book, as Madge bids farewell to Katniss before she leaves to the Capitol, she gives Katniss the mockingjay pin so she can wear it as the token from her district in the Games. However this concept was modified and in the movie someone who appears to be Greasy Sae gives Katniss the mockingjay pin. Then, Katniss gave the pin to Primrose as a symbol of protection at the reaping. As Primrose says farewell to her sister, she returns the pin to her as a sign of protection as well. These two gestures are clearly different, when Madge gives Katniss the pin it is with the intention that the pin will be her token from her district in the Games, with the intention that Katniss will show pride in her district. Meanwhile, Primrose gives Katniss the pin with the intention that the pin will protect her during the Games. More importantly, the Hunger  Games boo k and the Hunger Games movie contain unquestionable similarities. â€Å"May the odds be ever in your favor.† This famous phrase that Suzanne Collins wrote in the book appears throughout the movie. This phrase was portrayed in the book as words people would joke about, but in reality they realized that it was very devastating, for in fact the odds were not in their favor. The idea of how this phrase was viewed in the book was delicately portrayed in the movie when Gale told Katniss his name was in the reaping forty-two times. Not only was this a devastating amount of times because he was eighteen, but because he took out tesserae for his siblings, so they would not have to risk their chances of being chosen to participate in the Games, and his mom. Furthermore, the producer of the Hunger Games movie carefully depicted Cinna as he was described by Suzanne Collins in the book. In the book, Katniss contemplated, â€Å"I’m taken aback by how normal he looks. Most of the stylists they interview on television are so dyed, stenciled, and surgically altered they’re grotesque. But Cinn a’s close-cropped hair appears to be its natural shade of brown. He’s in a simple black shirt and pants. The only concession to self-alteration seems to be metallic gold eyeliner that has been applied with a light hand.† The producer of the movie did an outstanding job portraying Cinna. In the movie, the stylists and the civilians of the Capitol dress absurd. They had colored hair, crazy hair styles, strange wardrobes, unnatural skin colors, and a more than necessary amount of makeup on. Meanwhile in the movie, Cinna dressed casually, meaning no crazy wardrobes or crazy hair, simply just a layer of metallic gold eyeliner. He was portrayed exactly like this in both the movie and the book. In addition, the producer did a tremendous job creating the seam environment on the reaping day, as it resembles what Suzanne Collins wrote in the book about the seam on the reaping day. Collins wrote from Katniss’ perspective saying, â€Å"But today the black cinder streets are empty. Shutters on the squat gray houses are closed. Our house is almost at the the edge of the seam. I only have to pass a few gates to reach the scruffy field called the Meadow. Separating, the Meadow from the woods, in fact enclosi ng all of District 12, is a high chain-link fence topped with barbed-wire loops.† The scenes in the movie that show the seam during the morning of the reaping day resemble this description from the book. It was important for the producer of the movie to capture the essence that the  reaping day causes. The reaping is not a happy or joyful event it is very depressing and devastating, therefore it was crucial for Suzanne Collins to describe the day of the reaping as deserted and to describe everyone as keeping to themselves on this day. The movie captured the mood and tone that the reaping day was very depressing. While some differences between the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games movie are evident, the similarities are striking. The Hunger Games movie was slightly altered to incorporate and express the same ideas expressed in the book. However, the Hunger Games book contains the original material that was interpreted into the movie with different intentions. Despite having these differences, the similarities between these two topics are that they both exhibit that the odds are not in their favor, they both portray Cinna as normal dressed and casual, and in the movie, and the seam resembles and captures the mood and tone of the seam that Suzanne Collins wrote about in the book. It is evident that the Hunger Games book and the Hunger Games movie contain more similarities than differences because the only differences were concepts and ideas that needed modification.

The Development of Personal Autonomy Essay -- independence, Self-Actua

Independence or personal freedom is an aspect that most individuals seek in their lives. Although some individuals may need the help of others in order to gain these features, others are already endowed with autonomous thoughts and reflect it in their behavior. Deci & Ryan (2009) claim that autonomy is one of the basic and universal psychological needs that is necessary for the well-being and flourishing of all people. The development of autonomy comes in different forms for all people. The research discussed throughout this paper will reveal and evaluate how autonomy develops in individuals and whether showing autonomous behavior is positive or negative. Primary Issues Autonomy The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic that many individuals seek to find throughout their life. The term autonomy originates from the Greek words auto (self) and nomos (law) and means self-management (Senturan, Kose, Sabuncu, & Ozhan, 2012). Individuals who experience the characteristic of autonomy during their lives will often have an intense desire for their personal freedom and will set moderate goals for themselves that will enhance their well-being and independence. Radel, Sarrazin, Pelletier, and Milyavskaya (2011) describe autonomy as being a basic psychological need that has the potential to represent an individual’s propensity towards a slate of self-governance as defined by their behavioral aims. An autonomous attitude is seen as having the ability to resist influence or coercion, to defy an authority or seek freedom in a new place, or to strive for independence (Sahakian, 1965). Individuals who have high levels of autonomy might pursue goals or activities in which they must complete them individually and control their own ... ...nality Psychology, 441-456. Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York. W.W. Norton. Radel R., Sarrazin, P., Pelletier, L., Milyavskaya. (2011). Restoration Process of the Need for Autonomy: The Early Alarm Stage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(5), 919-934. Reeve, J., Jang, H. (2006). What Teachers Say and Do to Support Student’s Autonomy During a Learning Activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 209-218 Sahakian, W. (Eds.). (1965). Psychology of Personality: Readings in Theory. Chicago: Rand McNally. Schultz, D., Schultz, S. (2009). Theories of Personality. California: Wadsworth. Senturan, L., Kose, S., Sabuncu, N., & Ozhan, F. (2012). Autonomy and submissive behaviour among students at the college of nursing. Healthmed, 6(8), 2741-2747. Shapiro, D. (1926). Autonomy and Rigid Character. New York: Basic Books.

Transcendentalism In Movies Essay -- essays research papers

Perhaps one of the most meaningful maxims Emerson wrote would have to be "Insist on yourself, never imitate." This statement captures the total essence of transcendentalism; deny the will and aspirations of others, and follow your own heart.The movie Dead Poets Society begins by introducing the viewers to Todd Anderson, a very subdued and quiet young man. Todd has the average inferiority complex. He is a very bright young man with exceptional abilities. Todd is unwilling to speak his mind for fear of non-acceptance. Charles Dalton is a seemingly average student with a rebellious attitude. He has already realized that the students are being "brainwashed" into living a preordained life. Neil Perry is another young man who realizes that his life is being planned out in front of him. He feels that he has no voice in his life. Their English professor, Mr. Keating, radically changes the lives of all of these students. Mr. Keating encourages Todd to speak up and voice his opinions. He makes Todd realize that the world will accept him because his thoughts and feelings are so deep and heartfelt. Charles Dalton receives just the spark he needs for action from Mr. Keating. He reforms a group called the Dead Poets Society. Nothing really happens at the meetings other than the reading of poetry for inspiration in life. Neil, perhaps the most perplexing character in the movie, discovers his dream in life is to be an actor. His father, for a reason none other than...

Dorothy Livesay’s poem “Experience” Essay

Dorothy Livesay’s poem â€Å"Experience† teaches that if one learns solely from outside sources, then one will never know what it is to feel independence and self-growth. By examining the authors personal experiences, the imagery, and the symbolism used the above statement will be proven true. Dorothy’s personal life had a large influence on her opinion about independence and self-growth. Her lengthy career spanning over 5 decades, her involvement with politics and her general travelling not only across Canada but Paris and the soviet union kept her constantly experiencing new environments. This greatly affected her career as a poet, she let herself be influenced by all cultures and her surroundings. She began travelling independently at a young age and co inherently matured quickly, proving the idea that personal experience and learning first hand is essential in fully understanding all aspects of life. Livesay’s comparison of having situations and experiences forced upon you to the idea of eating bitter and stale bread leaving her feeling tired and hollow shows a direct relation to the idea of maturing and growing as a person. â€Å"So I went on my own road, tasting all fruits, all breads.† As she grows up she has everyone around her assuming they know what’s best and force her to follow their ideas without any say. This hurts her ability to be independent and leaves her completely reliant on others and lacking personality and imagination. Realising this as she continues to grow older she decides to travel and experience new ideas and ways of living to learn for herself what’s best for her personally. Although it is not guaranteed that everything you come across will have positive effects on your life, eventually what you’re looking for will come across and you will grow as an individual. In the poem, Livesay uses bread as a symbol for the situations and experiences forced upon you by others, and fruits as the adventures you make and learn from independently. The bread is described as being bitter and stale, leaving her heart feeling empty and unsatisfied†¦as if something was  missing. Once the decision was made to travel and experience everything for herself – both breads and fruits – she felt like that part of her that was missing had been filled and completed. One could infer that the part of her that was missing was her independence and maturity, which she developed as she continued to travel and work. â€Å"Tasting all fruits, all breads: And if some were bitter, others were sweet. So I learned, how the heart is fed.† Dorothy Livesay’s personal life following the idea of independence and growth through travelling alone and learning first hand, the imagery developed in the descriptions of how the bread and fruits taste, and the use of symbolism turning the idea of bread into undesirable events and fruits being the idea of self-growth and maturity show that the core message in Dorothy Livesay’s poem â€Å"Experience† is one cannot grow and mature as a person if they learn solely from outside sources.

Women Empowerment in Rmg Sector Essays

Women Empowerment in Rmg Sector Essays Women Empowerment in Rmg Sector Essay Women Empowerment in Rmg Sector Essay INTRODUCTION Bangladesh has a population around 160 million (July 2008 est. ). About 45% of them are still living below the poverty line. Bangladesh’s Human development index (HDI) is 139 (out of 177), ranking as the lowest in the Asian country list. GDP per capita (PPP US$) is 1,770, which make the countries HDI rank almost the same as the GDP rank. In Bangladesh Garment exports began in the late 1970s. But the scale was for a number of years modest up until the government’s 1982 New Industrial Policy to liberalize manufacturing, promote private participation, foreign investment and exports. During the last 10 years RMG has become one of the most important sectors of Bangladesh both from the domestic perspective and foreign earnings. Now RMG contributes about 76% of the foreign exports. Again it is also mentionable that about 80% of the workers in the RMG sector are female. Thus it is not contributing in earnings foreign currencies but also create employment opportunities for the women, which in turn contribute in the socio-economic development of Bangladesh. So it is very much essential to assess the current status of the women workers in RMG sector to take appropriate strategy to facilitates them by ensuring their rights so that this sector become more convenient for them. This will encourage the women and provide them the opportunity to contribute in development of Bangladesh. OVERVIEW OF RMG SECTOR IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh had no sign of the ready-made garment industry until late 1970s to early 1980s when foreign investors started their businesses in Bangladesh. The emergence of an export-oriented RMG industry in Bangladesh can be traced to a confluence of policy trends at global and national levels. The opportunity came to us as a result of quota system imposed on some developed countries. The idea of readymade garments came to our country in 1978 from South Korean company Daewoo. Daewoo trained some 130 officials of Desh Garments and had a 5-year contract with the same. But within one year 115 officials left Dash Garments and established their own business in the name of Reaz Garments, Paris Garments, Jewel Garments and Baishakhi Garments. In 1978 Reaz Garments expanded its operations into export market by selling 10,000 pieces of mens shirts worth French Franc 13 million to a Paris-based firm. It was the first direct exporter of garments from Bangladesh. Thus the RMG (Ready Made Garments) was introduced in Bangladesh, which has now become the biggest industry of the nation. Because Bangladesh initially had no quotas assigned to it and the cost of labor was extremely low, the RMG industry grew at a very high speed and now it contributes approximately 76% of the GDP of Bangladesh. The RMG sector of Bangladesh has helped the economic growth enormously. When the investors first came in, the government allowed 100% ownership for foreigners. The industry started with one factory in 1970; the number increased to eight factories in 1977. There were about 587 factories in 1984, 2650 in 1998 and 3300 in 2004. (Fritsch). After two decades of phenomenal growth the sector is destined to make a transition under phasing out of Multi Fiber Agreement (MFA) in 2005 through implementation of the Agreement on Textile Clothing (ATC). Only 30% of all the money that the country earns from garment factories stays in the country. The other 70% is used up in buying fabric and other raw materials that are not available in Bangladesh. Most garment factories are situated in Dhaka, Chittagong, Savar, Narayangong and Tongi. The major markets for Bangladesh have always been the United States, Canada and Europe and a few Caribbean countries, but recently Bangladesh has start exporting to other countries such as Australia and Japan on a smaller scale. Bangladesh exports 63 items (for example shirts, pants, etc. to other. Relatively strong GDP growth was almost doubled in value from 5. 6 per cent of GDP in the late 1980s to 12 percent in 2000. Here the RMG sector has played a leading role. Its share of the country’s foreign exchange earnings has grown steadily from 4 per cent in the early 1980s to 41 percent at the beginning of the 1990s to 77 percent in 2001–2002. Within RMG the share of knitwear increased even more dramatically from a negligible proportion in 1989–90 to 25 percent of total exports in 2002–2003, accounting for one-third of total RMG exports. Between 1978 and 1999 the RMG sector earned US$26 billion for the country, of which the value-added component was US$7. 6 billion or 29 per cent. In addition, a host of ancillary industries producing accessories have also emerged and grown alongside the garment industry. One estimate suggests that 80 per cent of garment accessories were locally produced, valued at $0. 5 billion a year (Bhattacharya and Rahman, 2000). Despite this spectacular performance, however, there is considerable pessimism about the future of the industry, particularly given plans to phase.

What Does the End of Summer Mean to You

What Does the End of Summer Mean to You I’m taking a non-traditional approach to my blog this week because I’m feeling reflective.   Tomorrow I head out of town for a final vacation on the East Coast (New Hampshire).   I’m going to Dance New England’s summer dance camp, a place I have spent from four to eleven days every year (except one) for the past twelve years. It has become automatic for me that the end of summer means I’m heading to dance camp.   In fact, I almost didn’t go to camp this year because I had so much work to do, engagements on my calendar, etc.   But this ritual of camp is so ingrained that a week ago I cancelled all my appointments and bought a plane ticket.   The end of summer just isn’t the same without dance camp. The end of summer also means fall colors coming, and crispness in the air.   Apples flooding the farmers market where berries used to be.   Thoughts of snow shovels encroaching. Most important, however (yes even more important than dance camp), the end of summer means admissions season is approaching, and life is about to get even busier for The Essay Expert.   For the past nine months I have been a resume writer and business owner, as well as a career advisor at the University of Wisconsin Law School.   In a few short weeks, â€Å"College Admissions Essay Advisor† will move to the top of the list along with â€Å"Law School Admissions Consultant† for Kaplan. I look forward to this upcoming time of year.   College and law school applicants all have unique stories to tell, and I love learning and exploring them.   I love working with students, helping them gain insights into their lives that they might not have had otherwise.   I love watching people’s stories reveal themselves onto the page in a way that captures the interest of admissions officers because no one else could have told those stories in that particular way. And of course I love helping clients get into the colleges and law schools of their choice. I associate apples and fall crispness, even Thanksgiving, with the process of shepherding students into their next phase of life.   It’s a rewarding venture and the results will flower with the spring.   In the meantime, I’m heading to dance camp.   I’ll have more bloggery for you when I get back. I’m curious†¦Ã‚   what does the approach of the end of summer mean to you?   Are you a job seeker getting ready to buckle down in your search?   Are you the parent of a high school senior getting ready to increase your encouragement for your child to write an essay draft?   Are you a teacher writing letters of recommendation?   Please share in the comments below. Save Category:College AdmissionsBy Brenda BernsteinAugust 18, 2010 8 Comments Ellen Ingraham says: August 20, 2010 at 7:32 am My summers as an adult are so different than when I was a child. Every summer until I was twelve was spent at my grandmothers house down the Jersey shore. Days were filled with the beach, tennis and swim teams. The same kids came every year, and so did their parents and in most cases, their grandparents. No contest, it is my best childhood memory. Now I prepare for my son to start high school, my daughter to start her sophomore year at college. We spenta day at the Jersey shore this week, and I amazed the teenagers how this 53 year old could body surf! The water was cold and rough with huge waves I felt like a kid again. I look forward to growing my business this year, making new friends online, and enjoying the beautiful area that we live in. The Delaware river reaplces the Atlantic Ocean as the close-by water source. Although I kow my chidlren will have thier own memories about summer here, I do wish I could give them what I had. Not only the beach, but the community of multigenerational families; growing up knowing my friends Moms, and their Grandmas. Have fun at dance camp! Ellen Log in to Reply Diane Kern says: August 24, 2010 at 1:16 pm Dance Camp-that is a worthy ritual. I love the fall,but Im not ready for it yet. A Wisconsin native and recent transplant from Maine to Washington, fall is October,pumpkin festivals, and leaf peeping. A very short fall posting from me. https://wp.me/pohHp-b4 Log in to Reply Chris Paulsen says: August 24, 2010 at 1:18 pm This fall brings the senior year for our youngest son. The older siblings are already off to college. Weve been transitioning to parenting adults for several years now. Just one year left. Log in to Reply Jessica Oman says: August 30, 2010 at 3:27 pm For me, the end of the summer always brings excitement. Ive worked in post-secondary education for many years and I always enjoy the buzz of students returning to school, cracking open new textbooks, meeting new instructors. While many people associate the Spring with new beginnings, for me that fresh start has always come in September. I always look forward to this time of year to new projects, new connections, and new clients! Log in to Reply Rosanne Dingli says: September 6, 2010 at 9:16 am I live in Australia, so we are the other way around. Our Winter has just ended, and Spring is in the air. We did not get quite enough rain this winter, and the garden needs it, so heres hoping we get a wet Spring. All you guys in the US enjoy your Fall. Rosanne Dingli author of puzzle thrillers https://rosannedingli.blogspot.com Log in to Reply Mari-Lyn says: September 14, 2010 at 2:15 pm The end of summer ended with a 5,000 mile road trip of which, I really enjoyed..it felt like I had a summer.. I always like going to summer camp as a kid,,I always had fun it wish there was a summer camp for adults so we can re-live our childhood or do it again. Mair-Lyn Log in to Reply Teresa says: April 5, 2012 at 1:56 am Nice to hear that someone has a good attitude about summers end. Fall truly is glorious. Thanks for the lovely post! Log in to Reply Scott says: January 15, 2014 at 10:30 am The end of summer really can happen at anytime, its the end of those warm feelings of excitement. It can be meeting someone that takes your breath away, a life adventure that has new experiences and joy like your havent imagined with other people or the smallest things of taking someone to the airport very early when you have trouble getting up in the morning. This time is about how life is dying on the vine, where your dreams pass by, coldness is in the air and closeness escapes you. Profound sadness that time has passed you by. Your expressions go back into a shell for protection, they may come out again, but not in the same way. The warmth that was there is gone. Log in to Reply

Should people who commit racist crimes go to jail for a long essays

Should people who commit racist crimes go to jail for a long essays Hate crimes has been a tragic part of American history. Hate crimes are violent acts consciously directed against people, property or organizations because of the group to which they belong are identified with. These crimes have also been associated with how long sentences should be for these crimes. Longer sentences for hate crimes have been mostly effective and very helpful for the victim and/or the victims family to get over their grief with ease. This report will help you decide weather or not longer sentences are necessary of Before getting into the issue at hand, you should know a little about the past of racism and hate crimes and what may have started this whole controversy Back in the 1960s , there was an ac that was put into effect. This act was called the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act prohibits discrimination in employment, public accommodations and federal funding. It also gives the Justice Department power to act to protect civil rights. This act came about during the Civil Rights movement. The Civil Rights movement achieved important victories that has changed the history of America. Congress passes legislation prohibiting racial, religious or ethnic discrimination. During the 70s, Affirmative action programs fuel tensions between whites and racial minorities. Many immigrants have came to the United States from Asian countries. This is because of the jobs the United States had to offer. Discriminatory harassment has also been increasing in the 1980s. Racial tensions on college and university campuses, leading to adoption of codes prohibiting discriminatory harassment. Many students werent able to do the same things as other students because of their race. This made many of the citizens prejudice during this time. During the 1990s, speech codes became a huge problem. Criticism of campus speech codes mounts from conserv...

5)'If anything is central to the creation and maintenance of a Essay

5)'If anything is central to the creation and maintenance of a unified Chinese culture, it is the standardization of ritual.' (Watson) Discuss - Essay Example Further research into how the Chinese have been able to create and maintain a unified culture has provided varying results. According to James Watson and Evelyn Rawski’s book Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, the creation and maintenance of a unified Chinese culture were enabled by the standardization of rituals. The following study will provide evidence to justify this statement by evaluating several depictions of ancient and modern Chinese culture. Watson and Rawski (1988, p. 4) define [Chinese] cultural unification as the acceptance and adherence to set ritual routines by ordinary citizens. Standardization on its part, was the way in which these cultures were made known, proper and acceptable. They further reveal that standardization, which contributed to cultural unification, was in most cases voluntarily taken up by citizens without the use of force. As such, any Chinese aspects seen in the world today are by-products of the ancient processes of ritual standardization. Ritual in Watson and Rawski’s case is defined an active process of transforming something from one state into another wherein â€Å"something† could refer to things, people, or other beings. Again, rituals have a transformative power (4). Funerals had a uniform structure of rites that were practiced all over China, and particularly during the Late Imperial Era. Although it is not widely practiced in China today, some areas such as Hong Kong and Taiwan still practice them. Watson and Rawski (1988, p.7) state that the rites were standardized and practiced all over China, and they in turn played the role of â€Å"cultural† cement that bound the Chinese community together. In standardizing burial rituals, the Chinese believed that in death, the body and soul should not be allowed to separate before a ritual was done. It was said that if this happened, the community would experience some form of disaster. Again, they standardized the belief that death should not separate couples

Trust and Household Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trust and Household Finance - Term Paper Example Research has it that the enhancing of individual trust to the right amount can improve the well-being of household finance. 1.0 Introduction Recent statistics have brought it to light that more than a third of the American adults who are approaching their 50’s have no retirement plan. They have also shown that more than half of the households in the country do not own any stock. It is very important to know the determinants of decisions in household finance. This is essential in the management of debt. This paper shows that trust is a major factor that affects the management of household finance. Trust is the fundamental confidence that is found in an individual towards others in return for something that was promised. A casual impact on trust is inflicted by an individual’s cultural background and early life experiences on the value of the trust. A trusting individual is many times more likely to put up investment in the financial markets in the belief that they will o btain a fair return on investment, and this encourages the individual to invest. Trust should thus promote investments. Trust also promotes responsible borrowing since when an individual is trusting then he or she is also taken to be trustworthy. Trusting individuals are thus expected to make more real and financial investments, they are also expected to comply with the financial contracts that they enter and avoid on taking excess debts. Because of this, an individual will save more and have better management of debt and their net worth will increase. Negative financial outcomes can greatly affect an individual’s level of trust. Trust has dynamic dimensions that arise from cultural influences and experiences in life. The extent, to which an individual trusts another, embodies in the core values that are inherited from family, religion, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and are influenced by the individual’s life experiences and the characteristics of the community memb ers whom the individual interacts with in life. This are called the non-economic factors of trust. Prior literature has had it that these non-economic aspects of trust play major roles in financial decision making, in households. 2.0 Motivation and Hypotheses 2.1 Trust and Economic and Financial Decisions: Individual Level Evidence Research has shown that trust has appositive effect on the aggregate political and economic phenomena. It has shown that a higher level of trust in a region or nation is correlated with more economic investments and growth, less corruption and higher tax compliance among many other issues. Few studies have been carried out on the effect that trust has on the outcomes of the economy at the individual level (Jiang & Lim 1). Though these studies show that trust has a positive effect on the monetary and economic well-being of an individual, they fail to offer a comprehensive analysis of the effect that trust has on household finance. None of these studies ana lyzes the effect of trust on debt management (Jiang & Lim 8). 2.2 Hypothesis Development Trust is very likely to play a role in economic activities where transactions take place over a given period and an individual need to rely on the future and the observable actions of other people, such as their saving and investment decisions (Jiang & Lim 2012). Prior studies have shown that individuals who have the aspect of trust participate more in the

Why Information Assurance (IA) is Important to our Organization Essay

Why Information Assurance (IA) is Important to our Organization - Essay Example Information assurance provides the basis that a network system should meet the stipulated security expectations. A network system that meets these goals is less vulnerable to unauthorized penetration and attacks. In practical, every system is vulnerable to unauthorized penetration and attacks unless it is switched off or not connected to network. Information assurance is closely related to information security and the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Information assurance’s broader connotation also includes reliability and emphasizes strategic risk management over tools and tactics [Wikipedia]. According to Tulloch (2003), Information assurance is the process of protecting and defending information systems and infrastructures against attack. Here assurance means confidence that the security features of a product or system fulfill their stated aims. Information assurance provides policies and procedures for developing, testing, and implementing information products in a secure fashion. These policy contains several do’s and not do’s that every staff of the organization have to follow. In addition these policies are constantly monitored by IA staff. Information assurance in general focuses on five elements of information security and they are authentication, availability, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. Confidentiality, integrity, and availability are often viewed as core elements of information security and are generally referred to as the â€Å"CIA triad.† An increasingly popular approach for ensuring information assurance is the Common Criteria & Methodology for Information Technology Security Evaluation, an international effort to standardize criteria for evaluating the security of information systems outlined in the ISO 15408 standard. [Tulloch 2003, p.143] Information being the driving tool of every business and network connectivity on ground to boost productivity means that more people

Risk Management wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management wk2 - Essay Example It is because such an act is useful and will proactive planning will save millions of money to the company in the future. It will also ensure that the data in storage is secure and devoid of fraud due to unauthorized access. Huffman Trucking company management is in the initial process of coming up with a new database to keep the medical records of the employees. Several factors have to be considered before final ushering out of the database. The company should establish an information security policy. Every employee ought to be aware of such a policy. The policy aims at protecting the information from unacceptable disclosure, controlling how the information is shared. A good policy should be clear, concise, realistic, enforceable, role based and focusing on long-term existence of the company. The program should have an antivirus software installed in all its systems, spyware, and a malicious codes detector. Antiviruses can infect the system leading to the information loss or interruption of the running of the system. They can detect any intruder from accessing the private information. The system should also enforce a software where process that does update itself regularly rot the purpose of monitoring the vendors. Such a process has an automaticity in such a way that it fixes its own problems that arises. Frequent updates fix any vulnerabilities that may expose the system to hackers. There should be a clears system to detect, control and monitor the unauthorized access by external parties. Inventory and management of such assets entails having a list of all the authorized and permitted parties that should have access to the information. Therefore, utilization of cool tools will monitor the devices that are accessing the database hence maintaining the systems integrity. The firewalls and information systems should have a secure configuration. Firewall act as traffic controls in

Is the U.S. Seeking to Contain Russia Research Paper - 3

Is the U.S. Seeking to Contain Russia - Research Paper Example This will place Russia in a position of extreme power, which may enhance the country’s supremacy in the greater European region (Lynch 99). In addition, the US is seeking to exert its control on Russia in order to deter the latter country’s instigation of communism in the European region. Russia was a former superpower whose dominance in the region was deterred through the use of military force. Capitalist countries such as the US initiated conflict with Russia in order to deter Russia’s supremacy in the European region and ultimately the infiltration of communism in the rest of the world. Therefore, the US seeks to control Russia in order to deter Russia’s dominance in European or the rest of the world. This position would threaten US supremacy in the global political, economic and social front (Escobar 10). Â  The US is also concerned that Russian company Gazprom’s acquisition of DEPA would enhance Moscow’s position in the complicated geopolitical game, hence enhancing the opportunities of Russia’s South Stream pipeline turning into the primary source of imported oil in the entire Southern European region. This would detrimentally affect major oil alternatives that enjoy US favor, for instance, the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline and Nabucco pipeline (Barylski 12). Moreover, Greece is not the sole member of the European Union, which is presently subject to US lobbying regarding Russia’s assumed ambitions within the European continent. The same efforts have been adopted concerning the Czech Republic regarding its nuclear energy plans. The government of the Czech Republic is presently aiming at capitalizing on anti-nuclear energy sentiment within the neighboring countries, Austria and Germany, which was triggered by the 2011 Fukushima disaster.

Risk Management wk2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management wk2 - Essay Example It is because such an act is useful and will proactive planning will save millions of money to the company in the future. It will also ensure that the data in storage is secure and devoid of fraud due to unauthorized access. Huffman Trucking company management is in the initial process of coming up with a new database to keep the medical records of the employees. Several factors have to be considered before final ushering out of the database. The company should establish an information security policy. Every employee ought to be aware of such a policy. The policy aims at protecting the information from unacceptable disclosure, controlling how the information is shared. A good policy should be clear, concise, realistic, enforceable, role based and focusing on long-term existence of the company. The program should have an antivirus software installed in all its systems, spyware, and a malicious codes detector. Antiviruses can infect the system leading to the information loss or interruption of the running of the system. They can detect any intruder from accessing the private information. The system should also enforce a software where process that does update itself regularly rot the purpose of monitoring the vendors. Such a process has an automaticity in such a way that it fixes its own problems that arises. Frequent updates fix any vulnerabilities that may expose the system to hackers. There should be a clears system to detect, control and monitor the unauthorized access by external parties. Inventory and management of such assets entails having a list of all the authorized and permitted parties that should have access to the information. Therefore, utilization of cool tools will monitor the devices that are accessing the database hence maintaining the systems integrity. The firewalls and information systems should have a secure configuration. Firewall act as traffic controls in

The Abrahamic Covenant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Abrahamic Covenant - Essay Example Destroy all He created save one man, Noah, who walked in the ways of the Lord and had found favour in His eyes. So God instructed Noah to build a huge ark, which can house his family and a pair of each animal. Then the waters came upon the earth for forty days and forty nights, wiping out the mankind and beasts from the face of the earth, save those in the ark Noah built. Thereafter, God blessed Noah and his sons to be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth again. Thereafter they went their ways and multiplied in numbers. There was only one language, and in their pride, the mankind wanted to build a tower so high, that it would reach to heavens. So, God confounded them with various tongues, and they abandoned their edifice, but the vanity of pride and sin still prevailed. And it multiplied as did the mankind, filling the earth. During such times, God came to a man called Abram and said " Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee: And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed."( KJV, Genesis 12: 1-3 ) And Abram beliAnd Abram believed in what he heard, and set out taking his family and his cattle and travelled all the places the Lord instructed. Then the Lord, in course of Abram's days, rechristened his name to Abraham, and his wife Sarai to Sarah, and in the ripe of their age, renowned His promise to them. "And I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. And I will give unto thee and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God. " (KJV, Genesis 17: 7-8). Then Abraham had Isaac for a son and his faith and belief is put to test when the Lord asks Isaac for a sacrifice. Abraham then passes it and the Lord is further pleased with Abraham. And Abraham dies, well in old age, having willed all his material possessions and the Lord's covenant to Isaac. Then to Isaac twins are born, Esau who comes out first, then Jacob holding Esau's leg. By virtue of the covenant the Lord establishes with Abraham, it should further be carried to Esau and his children, but Esau sells his birthright to Jacob over a meal. The Lord Himself says in this regard Then Jacob has twelve sons and these twelve sons are the heads of twelve tribes of the nation of Israel. And Israel after serving Egypt in bondage for four hundred years is liberated by the Prophet Moses. This follows two most crucial aspects in the Jewish history, the meeting of the Lord on Mount Sinai, followed by handing over the Torah - consisting of five books, which discuss the advent of Hebrews since creation till the liberation. Torah is considered to be the Law, in other words, it could also be called the directions given by the Lord to the nation of Israel towards keeping them chaste and in accordance to His will. This Torah further has the Ten Commandments, which are believed to be directly

The climate of the Earth Essay Example for Free

The climate of the Earth Essay The climate of the Earth is always changing. In the past it has altered as a result of natural causes. Nowadays, however, the term climate change is generally used when referring to changes in our climate which have been identified since the early part of the twentieth century. The changes weve seen over recent years and those which are predicted over the next 100 years are thought by many to be largely as a result of human behaviour rather than due to natural changes in the atmosphere The greenhouse effect is very important when we talk about climate change as it relates to the gases is believed that the effect could be intensified by human activity and the emission of gases into the atmosphere. It is the extra greenhouse gases which humans have released which are thought to pose the strongest threat. IMPACTS Scientists around the globe are looking at all the evidence around climate change and using supercomputer models to come up with predictions for our future environment and weather. However, the next stage of that work, which is just as important, is looking at the knock-on effects of potential changes. For example, are we likely to see an increase in precipitation and sea levels? Does this mean there will be an increase in flooding and what can we do to protect ourselves from that? How will our health be affected by climate change, how will agricultural practices change and how will wildlife cope? And what will the effects on coral be? And while it may be controversial some would argue that climate change could bring with it positives as well as negatives. FLOODING The UK has experienced heavy floods over the past decade, which have affected thousands of people and caused millions of pounds worth of damage. The rainfall in June and July 2007 was about 20% higher than ever seen before in records that go back to 1879. Although it is impossible to say this flooding was a result of climate change, some computer predictions say that we can expect to see more extreme weather events such as flooding in the future. The Met Office however project that while heavy summer rains may become more frequent, summers are likely to be drier overall, especially in the south of Britain. According to the Environment Agency, at present 2. 3 million homes and 185,000 businesses are at risk of flooding in England and Wales representing property, land and assets to the value of over ? 200bn. HEALTH The climate we live in affects many areas of our lives. The quality of the food we eat, the water we drink and our homes are all dependent on our climate and weather. Climate researchers predict that the UK climate will become warmer, with high temperatures in the summer becoming more frequent and very cold winters more rare. Winters will become wetter with heavier rain more common. Some scientists have suggested that a warmer world will be a sicker world. However there is not complete agreement that this will be the case. With winters becoming milder, there are likely to be fewer cold-related deaths. However, there is a danger that bacteria would now longer die-off seasonally during the prolonged cold spell meaning that diseases may spread more widely. More heat waves will increase the number of hot-weather related deaths while the number of cases of skin cancer has quadrupled in the last 30 years. High level of ground-level ozone will increase the prevalence of cardio-respiratory disease. Higher average global temperatures mean that diseases, or their carriers, may be able to move to areas that were previously too cold for them to survive. It is possible that a mild strain of malaria will become established in localised parts of the UK for up to four months of the year. Globally, there are likely to be more floods, more droughts and more storms, which will be accompanied by damage to our homes, food and water supplies and impact on our general health. An increase in flooding will promote the spread of water-borne diseases plus the growth of fungi, while droughts encourage white flies, locusts and rodents, all affecting food and water supplies and health. Climate change is likely to have an unequal impact on the world population. Those living in poor and developing countries are going to be less able to adapt to changes. The effects on general UK health are likely to be less severe than in other parts of the world. Health impacts are not likely to be confined to the human population wildlife will also be severely affected. WILDLIFE The affects of climate change arent going to be restricted to humans. The possible dangers for plants and animals throughout the world are a great concern to environmentalists. Birds, fish, and land-based animals are all going to be under threat as their habitats and climate alter. Plants, trees and shrubs are also going to have to adapt. Species are under threat in more than one way. Climate change is predicted to cause a number of weather extremes which could directly affect our wildlife, for example through flooding or storms. However the biggest concern is how the changes in weather will affect the habitats in which species lives. It is estimated 20-30% of plant and animal species will be at increased extinction if the temperature rises by more than 1. 5 2. 5C. Less snow in winter, warmer temperatures in summer and more winter rain will affect wildlife across the board. Sea level rises will reduce land area in some countries, which will instantly affect vegetation which is currently used for homes and foods by animals. WHAT CAN WE DO? Its not just policies and industries that need to be more climate-friendly; each individual has an impact on his or her environment. Choices that we make in our day-to-day lives can ? Affect the climate ? Turn off lights when you leave a room ? Only boil the amount of water you need in your kettle ? Turn off televisions, videos, stereos and computers when they are not in use they can use between 10 and 60% of the power they use when on ? Close curtains at dusk to keep in heat ? let your clothes dry naturally rather than using a tumble drier

The Relationship Between Individuals And Their Environment Social Work Essay

The Relationship Between Individuals And Their Environment Social Work Essay Health visiting is governed by four principles which are the search for health needs, the stimulation of awareness for health needs, raise awareness of health needs and the influence on policy affecting health (). Performing a holistic Health needs assessment is a fundamental part of health visiting. The assessment process is one of the principles set out in the standards of proficiency for Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2004). Wright (1998) explains assessment of health needs is not a process of relying on personal experience or listening to clients, but is a systematic method of recognising health needs that are unmet and making changes by encouraging clients to meet these unmet needs. Using a model or a framework is a systematic method of collecting information allowing a clear identification of problems or needs that need to be addressed. Such framework would also go on to guide the planning and implementation of interventions required to meet the priorities for individuals and families. The framework taken from system one, Child Individuals needs assessment was used to perform an assessment. System one is a computer system used in the authors practice area to record patient information. The Child individual needs assessment has been developed from the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH, 2000). This assessment framework supported the shift in policy from one that focused on abuse and significant harm to an assessment that adopted a broader view of childrens needs and wellbeing and identified impairment in terms of developmental need (Cowley, 2008). Consent has been gained to use the information. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) The Code (2008), and to protect confidentiality the names mentioned will remain anonymous. This case study focuses on a mother, Jody who is a single parent of three children. Due to the current demands on the Health Visiting team an antenatal contact visit had not been done. The Health Visiting team had been notified about the birth of baby Harrington and therefore this was a planned home birth visit at 14 days. Health visitors have core contacts they make with families as part of the Health Child Programme () and one them is an antenatal contact. This contact allows health visitors to establish a relationship with families and identify their need. Cowley (2008) states visiting clients in their homes allow health professionals to identify a families area of need and then target services appropriately for their need. However research has demonstrated an antenatal contact is useful to in helping health professionals to identify the risk and resilience factors and create a therapeutic relationship with the client which is necessary for the delivery of future services (Puura et al, 2002, Robert et al, 2002). Recommendations made recently suggest any preventative strategies need to be initiated in the antenatal period (Cowley, 2008). Coles et al () explains a starting point for assessing individuals needs is to analyse whether the need is normative which is defined by professionals, felt need which is defined by the client, expressed need when a felt need become a demand and comparative needs when comparing to others around them and fall short of the established standard. Wills (2007) explains it is important to consider that needs will be thought of differently depending on who is being consulted. The assessment covered Economic Wellbeing Observations which included residence and accommodation status as this can impact on a child. Jody living in a third floor council flat with three children, explained that she would like more space as the flat had two bedrooms with a living room she thought was not big enough. She explained the first bedroom was where she slept and would now have baby Harrington with her in the room. The second bedroom which was small, had a bunk bed and had no room to play in was shared by her eldest daughter Rosie, eleven years old and her younger daughter Ella four years old. The early life environment of a child shapes their life course and in turn can have an effect on their health status over a course of time (Wills, 2007). Housing is an environment where children spend most of their time in the first few years of life therefore require adequate space to live and sleep in. Good quality homes are important for the health and well-being of adults as well as children (). A childs development and wellbeing is shaped by factors such as family characteristics and the social, economic and physical environments in which they are raised. Poor housing environments and overcrowding can have significant impact on childrens physical and mental health as well as emotional and cognitive development (Marsh et al, 1999). The House of Commons () explains overcrowding as having too many people in one room or a room that is not an adequate size. Living in an overcrowded house has found to be linked with ill health costing the NHS approximately 600 million a year (House of Parliament, 2011). Research suggests that poor housing and overcrowding can have a physical impact on a childs healthy development leading to increased risk of asthma, respiratory distress, anxiety as well as lead to accident and injury. Adequate sleep, nutrition and exercise also contribute to a childs healthy physical functioning. Jody revealed she had visited the GP several times in the course of three months complaining that Ella had recurrent chest infections, and taken baby Harrington to the GP the day before as she felt he was having difficulty breathing. Jody went on to say that the bedrooms were showing signs of damp and she had reported this to the housing company and was yet to come out review this. Jody saw the need for mor e housing space as an expressed need as she wanted more living space for herself and children to play in. The housing report (2012) states the latest data found that the number of people living in overcrowded conditions continues to rise, as in 2009 2010 there were 630,000 in overcrowded housing which has risen to 655,000 in 2010 2011. The assessment revealed Jody had no extended family support as her family live in the south of England therefore are far to offer consistent support. Jody had moved to the area over eight months ago following the breakdown of her relationship. The father had left the family due to drinking habits and since the family had struggled to make ends meet. Jody is in receipt of benefits and has not made many friends in the area. Parents are an essential part of a childs development and require support to enable them to provide the right environment. Jody appears to be socially isolated, Armstrong (2002) articulates social isolation can occur when there is a lack of family and peer support. With the lack of this support Jody had it indicated that she had a risk of developing postnatal depression which can have detrimental effects on baby Harrington and her elder two daughters (Bee and Boyd, 2009). Honey, Bennett and Morga (2002) suggest research indicates postnatal depression can hinder a mothers ability to look after the child as well as affect the relationship between mother and child. This can cause problems in the childs emotional and cognitive development. Jody revealed since she had come home from the hospital she had a few teary moments but now felt fine, and also said she had postnatal depression following the birth of Ella. The author planned another visit which would be in a fortnight. This visit wo uld include an assessment of postnatal depression which is carried out at four to six weeks in the practice area. A tool called the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale would be used, which is a ten question self report questionnaire designed by Cox, Holden and sagovsky (1987). (ADD STRENGTHS/ WEAKNESSES OF TOOL?) Meredith and Noller (2003) proposed maternal depression increases the risk of difficult attachment with the infant, developmental, social problems and may lead to suicide. Baby Harrington being 14 days old was in the infancy stage of lifespan development. During infancy a baby will change physically more than any other stage of their life (Bee et al, 2009). Early childhood is consequently the most crucial and vulnerable period of brain development during lifespan. The start of Baby Harringtons life will lay the foundations of good health and well being for later years. Therefore what happens during pregnancy and the early years of life lays the foundations for future development of cognitive, language, physical, emotional, behavioural and social. Language and cognitive development is important during the first six months to three years of life. Sheridan (2008) proposes stimulation, warmth and positive parenting from parents during the early years is vital for the infant to gain maximum growth in the brain. The brain is increasingly sensitive to the influences of the external environment during early childhood. A child in an environment with increased s timulation will mean a child will learn and develop more. A child in an environment with less stimulating, emotionally and physically supportive, development of the brain is affected leading to cognitive, social and behavioural delays. High levels of stress during early childhood increases the risk of learning problems and stress related disease in to the adult years of life. The author found support to be a normative need for Jody, as a supported family environment is a fundamental component in raising a child. Jodys perception was that she was coping with the current situation and did not need support from family or friends as she felt she would be judged by them for not being a good parent to her children. Income was another factor identified through the assessment. The low income was a felt need for Jody as she said her parents were helping her financially. The author saw that having adequate income as a normative need in order to provide the children as well as Jody herself adequate healthy nutrition and a healthy future of well being. A newborn baby can increase expenditure on a family. This may cause Jody stress as it is an increase on feeding another child, Health in the UK is strongly associated with income and is a key determinant of health (Naidoo,). Naidoo () explains having a low income can affect children and adults health directly; this can be due to not having enough to eat or enough to buy a healthy diet. Research suggests obesity in low income families to be linked (). Jody does not drive therefore finds it difficult at times to access the larger supermarkets and is reliant on her local grocery store which can have limited choice and be more expensive. Mostyn et al (2011) suggest if money is an issue parents will feed children food they know they will be likely to eat to avoid wastage. Obesity in children can lead to health problems later in life such as heart disease and diabetes (). Living with a low income can also cause multiple stresses such as lead to parents worrying about their future well being of their children (). Children who live in families in poverty with a low income are also at an increased risk of lower academic achievement (). Jody revealed that she would start looking for employment in the area. Naidoo et al () states individuals who are unemployed are at a greater risk of ill health and mortality. Neumans systems model is a theory based on the importance of an individuals wellness in relation to stress and their reaction to these stressors. Neuman defines stressors as any condition or situation that cause an alteration in the individuals normal state of wellness. The stressors are determined by variables affecting the client system; physiological condition, developmental status, sociocultural influences, cognitive skills and spirituality. The model proposes a continuum of wellness to illness, with the focus on the individuals continuum being influenced by the interaction they may have with a variable and the stressors they encounter. Neuman identified environment that surrounds an individual at any given time can affect their well being. Environment and the individual Clients are influenced by environmental factors The role of the health professional is to focus on the stressors and keep the stressors and the stress response from having a detrimental effect on the individual. This is done through three levels of prevention. Firstly primary prevention is protecting client wellness through prevention and reducing the possibility of an encounter with a stressor as a reaction to the stressor has not yet occurred. This is done by strengthening the individuals line of defence. Secondary prevention is treating symptoms to stabilize the individuals system by strengthening the internal line of resistance reducing the reaction to the stressor. Tertiary prevention focuses on educating an individual to prevent a reoccurrence of an stress response to the stressor through strengthening resistance to these stressors. Jodys environment was a stressor for her as it was affecting her and her children as they did not have enough space to live in and the children did not have space to play. According to neumans model this will affect jodys stability and The absence of ill health and disease is not solely dependent on health. Robinson et al (1996) explains this as only one determinant of health. Health is the state of an individuals optimal well being (WHO,). There are wider determinants of health. Factors such housing, having a safe physical environment, lifestyle, health beliefs, cultural norms, education, socio economic factors employment, emotional and mental state of an individual affects health (). The author found the child assessment to be holistic. Assessing infant development holistically has never been so important (Cowley, 2008). Robinson (2010) purposes having this holistic approach of assessment allows an understanding of a child within the context of their family, community and culture in which they grow up in. Cowley et al () suggests that the framework should not be used as a checklist to assess needs. A needs assessment should include a client centred approach. The framework used for the holistic assessment did not consider the cultural beliefs of an individual or have space were their beliefs could be recorded. There were no prompts of what information was required if an individual had low income or housing that was not adequate. Apply neuman and weaknesses and strength of model! Marmot? http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2011/fm88/fm88d.html

Duty and Change in Melville’s Bartleby Essay -- Philosophy, Rousseau

Natural philosophers of every century of human existence have asked what we owe to each other, society or government. In The Origin of Civil Society, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that the only natural form of duty is to one’s family, and all other obligations are based on agreement (57). Henry David Thoreau, in 1849, wrote in Resistance to Civil Government (sometimes known as Civil Disobedience), â€Å"it is not a man's duty, as a matter of course, to devote himself to the eradication of any, even the most enormous wrong; he may still properly have other concerns to engage him; but it is his duty, at least, to wash his hands of it, and, if he gives it no thought longer, not to give it practically his support† (143). This sort of conflict, which has accompanied all men at the great changes in society, is what drives conflict in Herman Melville’s Bartleby, the Scrivener. Melville, like the Byzantine architects, crafts a work of art that studies a microcosm of the macrocosm. That is to say, by looking at the relationship between two people, Melville is able to explore the larger context around them, specifically the radical change of society in the mid-19th century. Like Thoreau, Bartleby’s famous word, â€Å"I would prefer not to,† send a shockwave through contemporary expectations and give rise to how a person approaches a situation. Bartleby and Thoreau are both transcendentalists, and look to return to a Rousseauian state of nature. They have both arrived there after a journey of self-examination – most definitely in Thoreau’s case, and most probably in Bartleby’s – and their non-conformist attitudes raise questions of what is expected of people with regard to their duty to society and each other. Bartleby in particular makes the nameless... ...say that Bartleby did nothing, but passive resistance is a powerful tool, whereby laws have been changed and governments have topped. Thoreau wrote â€Å"[a] man has not everything to do, but something; and because he cannot do everything, it is not necessary that he should do something wrong [emphasis in original]† (145). Bartleby, by following in the transcendentalist’s footsteps, does nothing, and makes a profound statement by it. Perhaps it was fated that Bartleby must die in the manner he did. After all, the narrator consulted the eminent pre-destination theologians Priestley and Edwards, and admits to believing that Bartleby’s presence â€Å"had been all predestinated from eternity† and that â€Å"it was not for a mere mortal like [the narrator] to fathom† (167). Accepting the idea that Bartleby is a microcosm of the macrocosm, this would imply that change is inevitable.

Critical Pedagogy Essay -- Teaching Education Philosophy

Critical Pedagogy The acclaimed lyricist Oscar Hammerstein once wrote, "You have to be carefully taught." Most will agree that properly educating children is essential for the good of a society. However, the best method of educating students is a much more debatable topic. What is the best way to educate a student? Is it through memorization? Discussion? Exploration? Experimentation? Through the ages many scholars, teachers, and other accredited individuals have offered their opinions on the science of teaching, or pedagogy. One such man is Henry Giroux, the author of Modernism, Postmodernism, and Feminism. In his introductory chapter to this novel, Giroux sets his principles for critical pedagogy. Among these principles is one belief that reads, "Critical pedagogy needs to create new forms of knowledge through its emphasis on breaking down disciplinary boundaries and creating new spaces where knowledge can be produced." What does this belief mean to me? In order to understand my interpretation of the principle as a whole, it is necessary to understand my interpretations of the various words and phrases that make up the rule. Take the first phrase, "†¦ to create new forms of knowledge†¦" I interpret "new forms of knowledge" as knowledge expressed in forms other than the traditional. For example, "old" forms of knowledge may be names, dates, numbers, and concrete facts that are memorized without being fully understood. On the other hand, "new" forms of knowledge may refer to abstract ideas, concepts, and theory, without definite answers. The next phrase of the principle speaks of, "†¦breaking down disciplinary boundaries†¦" I would define "disciplinary boundaries" as any boundaries or limits that prevent learning from taking pla... ...-hand. For example, no one should have to figure out on their own body that hair is flammable, or that a wet tongue will stick to a metal flagpole on a cold day. So, does critical pedagogy really need to create new forms of knowledge through its emphasis on breaking down disciplinary boundaries and creating new places where knowledge can be developed? Learning in this manner can be beneficial because the information is better understood, more fully realized, and more easily applied by the student. However, this manner of learning can also be counter-productive because the information is obtained much more slowly, and little effort is made to learn from previous research and mistakes. What is the most effective way to teach? While the best method of teaching will be under constant scrutiny, all will agree on one point. You have to be carefully taught.

Rebranding in the london docklands: case study Essay

Jumping straight to the point, rebranding has 1occurred and is currently taking place in various ‘hot spot’ locations to try to give the area a new modern feel. The chairman of the London Docklands Development Corporation, Sir Michael Pickard, said himself that, ’16 years ago, the Isle of Dogs was an isolated, tightly knit community seemingly in the grip of irreversible decline. Today, massive investment from both the public and private sectors has transformed the area. There are new schools, health centers and homes, park and playgrounds, new road and rail links, and nearly 1. 4 million square meters of commercial and industrial development, over 80% of which rented. The new residents and businesses have brought a fresh lifeblood to the Island. ‘ So it is obvious that rebranding has taken place, but to what extent and where has it happened. The first information study I am going to look at is a place check form, here it will become more apparent which areas have undergone rebranding to a higher extent than others. So looking at fig. 1. 1, is an area called Felstead Wharf is reported to have high quality modern housing, with adjacent car parks provided. From the information in the photo and also the report, one can deduce that this area, once holding low quality housing for the working class population of the Docklands, has now been transformed into an upmarket residential area offering a home to business men and women who work in the central business district. But, when only moving a small distance, approximately, 2000 feet, one meets an area were regeneration is ‘currently in progress’ looking closely at figure 1. 2, we see at approximately 429 Westferry Road, a large super structure which at one point was a warehouse in the industrial era and now is simply a steel skeletal structure. However this large building is soon to be transformed by the council to make a series of aesthetically pleasing offices. In complete contrast, and in the final study of the place check form, draw attention to figure 1. 3. Here although closer to the the Central Business District, this area on Glengall Grove is reported to have poor housing quality with cement walls being badly stained and covered in graffiti, the houses themselves were small, of bad quality and usually terraced. With the nearby park in a state of disrepair. The significance of the above study shows in figure 1. 1, 1. 2 and 1. 3, that in 3 locations separated only by around 3 to 4 thousand feet, the quality, quantity and utility of the building changes dramatically. Clearly in figure 1. 1 the council have decided to inject money to reinvent the housing in the area and at the same time, entice high class business men into the area and with it higher quality tertiary and quaternary industry. Now, looking at the environmental study table, on the left in figure 2. 1, it is obvious that the higher the score on the table the more likely the area is to have undergone regeneration. Take for example area H. It is obvious that this area is not ideal of appealing environmentally, this is conveyed through the overall score of the area being quite low, at 59 out of 100. This leads me to believe that the area has not undergone regeneration. Which according to the place check map, is in fact true. This formulae correlates not only for this specific location but the Isle of Dogs generally. This enables us to pinpoint areas which have not undergone regeneration and of-course those which have, giving us a greater understanding of the question; where has rebranding occurred. So by combining the two sources of information together, it is possible to create a more detailed map of the areas which have undergone regeneration. In figure 2. 3 the green scatterings are symbolic of an expensive area which is residential or business based but which has undergone rebranding. The blue areas area show partially rebranded areas or non-rebranded areas which are still aesthetically pleasing and wealthy areas. The red areas are representative of completely non regenerated areas, which generally contain low quality housing inhabited by lower class workers. So to conclude this sub-heading, on the whole, a large area of the Isle of Dogs has undergone rebranding through regeneration,it has mainly occurred in regions close to the river. These areas are generally speaking, residential high quality flats and houses aimed at the business man who perhaps works in the Central business district as this is a prime location; close to work and in a pleasing environment. The regenerated areas further inland are more often business related, with aesthetically pleasing offices and high quality shops infiltrating the area. Some however is regenerated housing, offering high quality housing at a slightly lower price for middle to upper middle class workers. There are still some areas which remain untouched by the rebranding scheme put together by the LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation) in 1997. These areas have assumed the position of low quality housing with high crime rates according to the local council. These areas suffer as businesses often relocate from this area because expendable income held by most residents in this area is low. Success of rebranding. The relative success of the rebranding process can easily be determined simply by looking at interviews and presentations and comparing peoples opinions of the area with the overall percentage of the area which has been regenerated. To illustrate this more clearly, see figure 3. 1. This graph represents 6 different areas within the Isle of Dogs, in each, an area with different levels of regeneration. In this area, local residents were subjected to questioning about their opinions on the area. The results show that on a general level, that when the amount of rebranding/regeneration increases, so too does residents happiness. However notice area 1 and 2 in figure 3. 1, the opinionated happiness is higher in area 1 which is subject to no rebranding than in area 2 which has roughly 20 percent of the area rebranded. The reason for the sudden decrease in area 2 is explainable. People are generally happier in area 1 because the culture of the area is not being ruined by modern housing for business workers. Many lower class or retired people live in Area 1 and are happy to maintain a high level of culture and a sense of community. So in Area 2 the level of rebranding has increase somewhat. With it, comes new residents, and with new residents come loss of culture and the community spirit is often broken. So when interviewing a man who had lived in the area for 30 years, he was unhappy about this sudden change and would have been happier had the area remained untouched. Overall, the relative success of rebranding on the wellbeing of citizens is high. Once an area has completely undergone regeneration, the consensus is unanimous in high opinionated happiness. Understanding the fact that rebranding has been a success for the majority or residents, what about for the council and the economy? Looking at the average house price in area 1 for a 3 bedroom house/flat, the price is roughly 250,000 pounds. Considering it is in a prime location the price is relatively low because aesthetically, the house is not very pleasing, crime rates are high and average income is low. If then one sees the house price in area 6 for a 3 bedroom apartment, the cost can go up to and exceed 2. 5 million pounds on todays market. The success of a rebranded area is obvious by simply looking at these figures. By creating such high quality housing, it influences upper middle, to upper class workers, most usually those who work in the Central Business District into the area. These people are useful to the local council as they pay a high amount of tax and entice high class high profile businesses into the area. This is because the businesses understand they have a high amount of expendable income. The success of these areas spiral upwards because the more high quality housing that is constructed, the more businesses locate to the area and in conclusion, the more money is injected into the local council and therefore back into the community. Areas still in need of rebranding As shown in figure 2. 3, the green highlights on the map are representative of the highly rebranded areas 80% or more. The blue areas represent areas that have undergone between 40 to 80%. The red areas are significant of 0 to 40% regeneration. Although there are a few areas which are yet to undergo redevelopment, on the whole the Isle of Dogs has seen a greater percentage or rebranding per square foot than most other residential areas in London. Because of this, it is important that the whole region of the Isle of Dogs is not lost under a sea of white walls and tinted glass. Some of the area should remain as working class housing with dirty red bricks with a musky feel to it. If all of it is lost, then it is possible that the area would lose its routes and its heritage and the great docklands would be remembered as something completely different than what it should. But the definition of rebranding is exactly that, so in terms of rebranding, there is roughly 35 percent of the Isle of Dogs, yet to be rebranded.

Novel and Robinson

Religion: A Trivial Conundrum Religion in fiction, much like religion in politics, has grown to be considered taboo. Religious characters are often expected to be comedic and used only as experimental or secondary. Their only true attribute is that of piety, playing on old stereotypes to drive the characterization. In a world where being politically correct gets in the way of day-to-day talk, approaching controversial topics in any form of writing can be seen as potentially unprofitable, too risque. The competitive market of publishing doesn’t allow room for mistakes anymore and it’s easier to stay on the safe route than to stray on alternative, smaller – often more interesting – roads that may or may not lead to success. This makes literature that deals with the religious on a primary level all the more rare and exciting to read. Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead is one such example. Religion is indisputably in the forefront of this tale and, although it may not be the catalyst of the narrator’s writing, it is, without a doubt, one of Gilead’s main themes. The novel’s very format is even done in such a manner that its sole goal seems to emphasize the holy, the divine – religion, in particular, Christianity. The novel is written from the perspective of John Ames, an old Reverend, on his deathbed, writing his final words to his then seven-year-old son in the form of a letter. A writer his entire life, Ames uses his best tool as a measure to insure that his son know something of his life, even if Ames has passed away years before the son ever gets a chance to read the letter. The novel reads somewhat like a diary, a spiritual one at that. At every corner scriptures are referenced or Ames’ faith somehow fits into the narration. Robinson very easily transmits Ames’ constant remembrance of Christianity by plucking in allusions to God, the Church, or his work, not to mention the almost over-usage of the word â€Å"Christlike†. Religion very early on is dealt with as an important subject and as the book continues, it gains more and more time in the spotlight. While initially one could think that the novel would focus less with the nature of Christianity, since Ames even says that he does not with to persuade his son to follow his footsteps in the Ministry – even if he does point out some of its â€Å"advantages†[1] – as it roles forward, the focus drifts ever closer to God and how the world itself reminds Ames of the sacred. The narrator’s descriptive tendencies, in themselves are also a way Robinson finds to allude to the religious. They are Ames’ way of referencing God’s work, attempting to capture the magnificence that he sees in the world, and transmitting it to his son via words, much like God did to Moses. All that is beautiful, all that is right, it would there seem, is thanks to the Almighty. Robinson uses a very poetic tone in her writing of this novel, which helps connect the secular with the divine and emphasizes even more the novel’s religious nature. As Robinson herself said in an interview, â€Å"both poetry and theology push conventional definitions and explore perceptions that might be ignored or passed off as conventional, but when they are pressed yield much larger meanings, seem to be part of a much larger system of reality. † [2] A poetic diction, therefore, lends to the reader more easily identifying with the holy. It is easier to connect with the abstract when using a language that lends itself more readily to emotions and ideology rather than straightforward storytelling and facts. In this manner, the non sequitur tendencies of the novel also lend to the goal of lifting the reader to a theological level. Robinson also has Ames mention poets such as John Donne and George Hebert, stressing the importance of the lyrical. The poetic quality, additionally, is not presented in an overly romanticized fashion, but more as a part of Ames’ view of life. He speaks of the world as God’s masterpiece and, has small details such as, â€Å"smell[ing] the rain†[3] or â€Å"a bubble float[ing] past [a] window, fat and wobbly and ripening toward that dragonfly blue they turn just before they burst,†[4] take on holy connotations to the reader’s. The mortal and divine worlds seem to mesh in Ames’ head – perhaps the consequence of being so close to death. In fact, at times, Ames seems to speak as though he had already passed on, operating from a dead man’s point of view. For instance he says that â€Å"it is actually hard for [him] to remember how mortal [he] is those days. There are pains†¦but not so frequent or even so severe when they come that [he is] as alarmed by them as [he] should be. †[5] As a Reverend, Ames does not fear death, so he allows himself to be swept away with its beauty perhaps a little sooner than he should. His tone is therefore somewhat omniscient, which leads to his sounding rather obnoxious, although that may be a trait that one reserves the right to in old age. The father-son dynamic is also intrinsically important in Gilead. The whole point of Ames’ writing is to find a medium through which to communicate with his son. He aims, through storytelling and somewhat sporadic advice, to give his son some sort of a guide for life. Basically, Ames writes his son his very own, personal Bible. This may seem like a fairly conceited venture for a Reverend to undertake, and one can see from Ames’ voice that he is, even if he denies it, not the humblest of men. At many points throughout the novel, such as when referring to his wife and his grandfather as people God may like to spend time with,[6] Ames ends up comparing himself, to some extent, with Jesus Christ; essentially calling himself Godlike. Humble, he is not. He even reaches the point of informing the reader that in sheer quantity, he has written as much â€Å"Augustine and Calvin. [7] He does so in the calmest of tones, yet still with an undeniable desire to spark some awe in his son. Confusingly, however, he still believes that his life â€Å"does not compare with [his] grandfather’s. †[8] It would seem that a man of the Church would hold God to the highest of esteems, but his grandfather seems to beat out the old white man in the sky at times. Ames views his grandfather in an almost unrealistic idealized view. Even when he criticizes him, the tone is lighthearted and almost playful. At one point Ames goes as far as relating the thunder and lightning striking in the sky with God â€Å"tipping [His] hat to [John Ames’ grandfather]. As if to say, Glad to see you here in the stands Reverend. †[9] Yet, their relationships are hard to pinpoint and Ames’ reverence and faith in God is indisputable; which lends to a quite confusing reading of the book. All the major conflicts and drives in this book seem to regard the father-son relationship. From the desire that leads John Ames’ to write his letter, to the multiple stories about his own father and grandfather, even to Jack Boughton’s struggled relationship with his own dad. Ultimately, it seems that all the referencing to father-son relationships is Robinson’s way of emphasizing the father-son condition human beings have with God. He is the ultimate parent – the nurturer and the punisher, the constant in one’s life. All the various conflicts, â€Å"daddy issues,† and stories in the novel are therefore metaphors and allusions to the larger, more important questions human beings are faced with and their own tribulations and worries with dealing with the theological. Religion is a family affair in the Ames’ household. As John writes his letter, he is already the third consecutive generation of Reverends in his family. He speaks of religion as his vocation, deems himself to have been lucky to have had the Church in his path. The only â€Å"stray† of the Ames is John’s brother, who was initially raised to follow in his father’s footsteps. However, after the brother’s turn to atheism, John seems to take it upon himself to fill his unworn shoes. And now, years later, when John is close to departing this earth, he once again takes it upon himself to continue his family legacy; eternalize his family’s contributions to Christianity in the form of a letter to his son. To John, his family life is undoubtedly linked inherently with his religious one. For example, Ames says that â€Å"A man can know his father, or his son, and there might still be nothing between them but loyalty and love and mutual incomprehension. †[10] Right before this phrase, he speaks of how there are things that he preaches but nonetheless truly does not understand. He very smoothly transitions from religion to family, almost as if in his mind, there were not a clear distinction. This goes to aid the idea that all the familial conflicts in the novel are there as a tool for Robinson to constantly remind the reader of Christianity and its importance in one’s life. Ames writes his letter to his son as his way of carrying on his existence, eternalizing his memory, emphasizing religion’s importance. Ultimately, it does seem that religion is infused in the story not only as plot device and characterization but also with deeper intents from Robinson’s part to spread her faith. The father/son dynamic therefore serves much more as a subtle way of perpetuating the divine in the mundane world. It is much easier for a reader to relate with human emotions and domestic troubles than directly with the divine and celestial. Gilead’s story therefore, is only a means to an end – the glorification of Christianity. While writing this book, Robinson may have very well set out with the intention of spreading the Protestant or Christian word, diffusing is subtly through fiction into the American subconscious. But even if she does, she manages to do so in a peculiar and original manner. She follows the school of the Iowa’s Writer’s Workshop which goes very much against Post-Modernism and believes that a plain style is preferable to an overly decorated one. Nonetheless, Gilead does not have the sound or feel of an obsolete book. The voice is meant to be that of a man from the 1950’s and the novel could have very well been written in that decade, but there is still something quite refreshing and original about Robinson’s style. The tranquility with which she treats the theme of Religion – like it’s just a fact of life – makes so that the preaching really does just sound like fatherly advice. This novel potentially could get quite overbearing with religious undertones but the human-relationships-factor retains enough vitality and presence to overpower it. The metafictional, first person narrative, also brings about the question of reliability. Ames speaks with a certainty that only age brings, he admits ignorance at many points, but they only seem to emphasize his own self-awareness. At some points in the novel, the first-person voice even seems to mix with that of Robinson’s herself. â€Å"I believe I’ll make an experiment with candor here†[11] says John Ames, yet as a reader, I find that Robinson’s own voice resounds through this phrase. It would thus be logical to conclude that Ames’ view of the world, and his desire to spread Christianity onward would coincide with Robinson’s own desires. Even if with ulterior motives, it takes audacity to take a subject as controversial as religion and place it in the limelight of a novel. In an age of Post-Modernism (or is it Post-Post-Modernism? it is almost uplifting to find a piece of work that isn’t trying to take satire and irony to the next level. By strictly following an old-school agenda and format, Robinson manages to be more innovative that most other modern writers – almost in the way fashion repeats itself every few decades and old styles manage to be more cutting edge and modern than that which used to be the next-new-trend. People may criticize Robinson for infusing too much religion and personal agenda into her novel, but in the end, she is still one of the few that manage to do this without sounding overly or even overtly preachy and patronizing. This in itself is modern and forward thinking. Taboo subjects are usually those that are most interesting and worth discussing, so we can’t let public perceptions and social fears impede us of sharing our opinions – whatever they may be. ———————– [1] Marilynne Robinson. Gilead. New York: Picador, 2004. 23 [2] Interview with Missy Daniel. Marilynne Robinson. Religion and Ethics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newsweekly. PBS. 9 Oct. 2006 . [3] Robinson 35 [4] Robinson 9 [5] Robinson 75 [6] Robinson 30 [7] Robinson 19 [8] Robinson 39 [9] Robinson 46 [10] Robinson 7 [11] Robinson 7

Marketing Plan for White Appliances Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Plan for White Appliances Inc - Essay Example White Appliances Inc. primarily focuses on meeting the needs of the high-income customer segment and this strategy will call upon the company to serve customers across the various income segments including the lower-income segment. This study has identified that the company’s positioning strategies should focus on differentiating the company’s products from the other products variety provided by competitors. The pricing strategy identified also allows the company to launch its brand in the market and build relationships that promotes the customer-business relations this study has used push strategy to optimize use of the available distribution channels. This strategy will help the company to offer distributors some generous discounts that would enable them achieve the objectives of giving the distribution channels incentives. This study has done market intelligence to analyze customers and competitors and has also conducted micro and macro environment analysis using SWO T and PEST analysis. Creating product awareness and improving customers’ knowledge about the product are important in achieving the desired market presence. Background of the company White Appliance Inc. is one of the international companies in America that manufacture and markets its appliance products globally. Microwave ovens are one of the company’s product lines with production plants in United States and in Asia. White Appliances Inc. Produces and markets its products to high-income customers across its global market. ... 16). Microwave products refer to the cooking devices that help in both cooking and reheating of food by passing the foods to be heated through electromagnetic radiations that emanate from all directions. Company’s situation analysis Goals: White Appliances Inc aims at penetrating microwave oven market in India cutting at all prices segments. The company has mainly focused on high price segment but it has established the need to cut across all other market segments (Mills 2002, p.3). The company also aims at increasing its market share in India; currently the company has very limited market presence. White Appliances Inc. also looks forward to changing consumer conceptions about microwave in the market. Focus: the main focus of White Appliances Inc. is to penetrate Indian market at all price levels by shifting consumer conceptions or mindsets concerning microwave ovens and also by educating customers on the usage of microwave in cooking and reheating of food (Cateora et al 2009 , p. 43). Corporate culture: White Appliances is committed to manufacturing and marketing of superior products ranging from scooters to soda pop to kitchen appliances. The company is innovation driven and it corporate culture has also exhibited reliability, high quality and excellence. The company is committed to meeting customers’ needs and in this regard it has focused on improving the understanding of customers about their products. The company is sensitive to customers’ views and its uses the views to determine customers’ satisfaction (Mohr et al 2009, p. 5). Strengths of the company: the company has familiarized itself in the Indian market as seen in the high-models developed for the Indian market.

Legality of Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legality of Abortion - Research Paper Example The key arguments in support of abortion are to counter unexpected pregnancy, to reduce over population, and finally as the expression of woman’s right to her own body. The last is a true and correct statement as all the people have the right to do what they wish to their own bodies. However, they should understand one thing that the unborn baby is a different individual. Even though it resides inside its mother, it is a separate entity and has got a separate existence from its mother. The DNA and other elements of the body are entirely its own. Since the moment of conception, it is completely a distinct genetic individual. Looking at this issue, it is clear that abortion for any cause is wrong. Therefore, the call in favor of abortion because of unexpected pregnancy or abortion for the sake of convenience or as an expression of woman’s right to her own body is not tenable. Arguments for and Against Admittedly, the first and most prominent argument against abortion is t hat if abortion has been deemed to be moral in any phase of human development, there would not have been a greater cry for the enactments of law banning abortions. Admittedly, most of the religions in the world oppose the legalization of abortion. Abortion is similar to murder where an unborn baby is chopped up for the mistakes of his parents or sometimes for the benefit of others. As there is an inception of life since the conception, abortion can be regarded as a crime against the sanctity of human life. No civilized society permits to harm an individual intentionally or take one’s life without punishment and so abortion also is not an exception. Hence, in a society where murder is considered to be immoral and a crime, abortion must also be considered as a punitive crime. Some others argue that abortion is an alternative for contraception on the ground that any method that is used to prevent a woman from being pregnant can be considered as contraception. However, it is fund amentally foolish to claim so because unlike contraception that prevents pregnancy from taking place, abortion is committed only after the woman becomes pregnant. Pregnancy is a result of the failure to use effective contraceptives. Equating abortion with contraceptives is a falsified idea. So, abortion cannot be given the meaning of contraception. Abortion of pregnancy as a result of rape is another kind of moral puzzle. In the case of a molested or raped girl, proper medical care can ensure that she will not become pregnant. Abortion in such cases means to punish an innocent human being who had no role in the committed crime. Instead of punishing the unborn baby, it is the rapist or molester who is to be trialed and punished. In addition, one has to give attention to the physical and mental impacts of such an abortion on the woman. An easy measure adopted for time being or momentary convenience may, thus, result in or pave way to serious problems in the future. However, most of th e abortions are taking place among teenagers who do not have sufficient life experiences. What they can do in this regard is to be prudent enough to use contraceptives before going into physical relations. A suitable philosophy at this juncture seems to come from Bartter (2001), who reminds such mothers of the fact that there are thousands who do not have a child to adopt. So, instead of throwing the unborn baby into the valley of death, those mothers can give such children to those who can bring them up as their own children. Thus, getting rid of the